Perspective :: Essays Papers

Perspective Use of perspective in art finds its root in one man, Filippo Brunelleschi. Although we don’t know for sure, it is likely that Brunelleschi also invented linear, or scientific perspective. Donatello’s â€Å"The Feast of Herod† is the earliest surviving example of scientific perspective, which is established through the use of a â€Å"vanishing point†, an imaginary single point on the page in which all the parallel lines meet. Donatello’s Feast of Herod was a groundbreaking work by that day’s standards, and a complete failure in the fulfillment of compositional requirements of traditional classical or medieval standards. The focal point of the piece, the presentation of St. John’s head to Herod, is in the far left corner, and the crowd watching is clustered into the right corner. Upon examination of the action, however, Donatello’s intention is clear; by placing the people in this way, the gesture and emotion of the scene is more implicit and effective. It is also more clearly established that the scene does not end at the focal point, it in fact continues off into every direction, an impression more clearly made with his use of scientific perspective. This â€Å"window† view into the scene was a radical step, and would influence how the picture plane was to be seen from that point on. Another important milestone in the history of perspective is Pietro Perudino’s â€Å"The Delivery of the Keys†. Painted in 1482, this work employs a grave, symmetrical structure, a tool he used to emphasize the importance of the scene being represented: The authority of St. Peter as the first pope, and all of his successors, rests on his having received the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven from Christ himself. The onlookers are all rendered with powerfully individualized faces. Equally powerful is the vast expanse of the almost surreal background. The spatial clarity, established by the use of mathematically precise perspective, is the influence of Brunelleschi. Andrea Mantegna was another 15th century painter. He was a prodigy that rendered in paint with skill from the age of 16 on. With the painting â€Å"St. James Led to His Execution† Mantegna established himself as a person who wasn’t afraid to break with traditional painting techniques, and adds a daring touch by painting from a ground up view of the scene.

The Narrative

Jacques EpangueEnglish 101, 9M2 Professor Rolando JorifSpring 2013 The Narrative In â€Å"About Men†, by Gretel Ehrlich, the author describes cowboys like men who seem to have trouble communicating with and relating to women, yet cling to an â€Å"adolescent dependency† on women to take care of them. This trouble of communication with women can be perceived by others as a sign of weakness even a lack of virility. However, according to Ehrlich it may be because of historical and geographical factors.Cowboys who are mostly from the South kept that â€Å"chivalrousness and strict codes of honor† when the came to the Wyoming. This is why men would show a stand-offish and respectful attitude vis-a-vis the women. Also, due to the geographical vastness of the North, cowboys often work where there is no human beings or women. He is physically and socially isolated which â€Å"make emotional evolution seem impossible†. Therefore, if it happened that he feels someth ing for a woman, he would have trouble communicating because he is not use to the code of seduction that average people know.And yet, â€Å"dancing wildly all night becomes a metaphor for the explosive emotions pent up inside, and when these are, on occasion, released, they're so battery-charged and potent that one caress of the face of one â€Å"I love you† will peal for a long while. † The attempt of the author to explain why the American cowboy tends to be rather reserved when it comes to seduce a woman squares well with her painting of his personality.Keep in mind that the purpose of her writing is to â€Å"reveal the complex nature of the American cowboy†, so she tries to show how the stereotype of the cowboy does not reflect the reality. This man who is â€Å"usually thought of as a rugged and tough† individual, is not only full of manliness, but has his own kind of femininity reflected in his altruism, but also in his relationship with women, chara cterized by what the author names â€Å"Those contradictions of the heart between respectability, logic and convention on the one hand, and impulse, passion, and intuition on the other†.In fact the author stands that cowboys are vulnerable too, and according to her and Ted Hoagland â€Å"No one is as fragile as a woman but no one is as fragile as a man. † The stereotype of the manly and macho cowboy is subject of uncertainly since we read Gretel Ehrlich. According to her, the image of American cowboy paints by media does not match the reality.Base on her own experience in the Wyoming she describes the American cowboy as a man with a complex nature, a combination of masculinity and femininity. The American cowboy is certainly â€Å"strong and silent†, or a â€Å"rugged individualist†, but not in the perverted way the media tend to show us. And if he looks evasive with women it is not because he is tough, but because he is missing the code of seduction, â⠂¬Å"the vocabulary to express the complexity of what they feel. â€Å"

Binge Eating in Non-Western Cultures - 1038 Words

Literature regarding eating disorders in non-Western cultures in general is scarce. Very few studies address disordered eating in cultures outside of the Western and Westernized world. This could be because of the perceived lack of eating disorders in non-industrialized countries or even because there is an overwhelming amount of concern over eating disorders in Western society. However, there have been several studies done on binge eating and dietary restraint in non-western citizens and in non-Caucasian women in the United States. Women who are not from a Caucasian background face different societal and traditional pressures than do Caucasian women in Western cultures, but some of the women in those cultures were found to have binge†¦show more content†¦A major way in which they express this negative self-perception is to restrain their diets or binge-eat (Eating Disorders Review, 2007, 5). Many cultures idealize robust women and practice feasting as a common social pr actice. However, women feel pressured by the stick-thin images they see on Western-influenced television advertisements to lose weight or look more conventionally attractive by Western standards. They feel torn between participating in their traditional custom and looking like the women they see idealized in the media. They feel guilt and embarrassment about overeating but participate in it as part of the cultural norm. (Becker, 2003, 430) Women who feel shame about eating are also less likely to seek help for their eating disorders, and this shame has been found to be more prevalent in women from non-Western ethnicities living in the Western world. Women from different ethnicities experience guilt and a fear of losing control while eating at different levels. Asian and Native American women are the most likely to feel embarrassed about overeating or losing control while eating (Eating Disorders Review, 2007, 5). They are therefore the least likely to seek help for their binge-eating disorders. Healthcare providers should take ethnicity into account when determining causal factors of binge-eating in women from Asian and Native American cultures because they are moreShow MoreRelatedGeneral Education Requirement For Psch 2701410 Words   |  6 PagesDisorder: Social Anxiety Disorder Because: Some behaviors that are allowed in Western culture might be inappropriate in Eastern culture. Therefore, clinical psychologist s should be aware of different sociocultural factors when diagnosing the abnormality of one’s behavior because, for instance, inability to expressing thoughts and feelings might not be solely because of anxiety, and certain behaviors might be common in other culture. b. Personal distress: Personal distress is an unreasonable emotional reactionRead MoreDiagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1631 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2013) or DSM-5 outlines the four feeding and eating disorders as, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, and Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED). These are complex and highly devastating disorders that cause health, emotional, and relationship problems (NEDA, 2016). These conditions should not be taken lightly due to their potential to cause long term emotional and physicalRead MoreEssay On Obesity In Girls1228 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders and Obesity in Girls During childhood, children are exposed to messages from the media that cause them to acquire beliefs about body standards and lay a foundation for future food and body-image issues. Disordered eating attitudes and behaviors are especially common in adolescent and teen girls in Western countries. The prevalence of these disorders is rising and the age of onset is falling. An increase in body awareness takes place during adolescence because that’s the time whenRead More Anorexia and Bulimia - A Threat to Society Essay994 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscriminates against people, particularly women, who do not look slender, many people find they cannot - or think they cannot - meet societys standards through normal, healthy eating habits and often fall victim to eating disorders. Bulimia Nervosa, an example of an eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating and purging, has become very common in our society. Although it generally affects women, men too are now comin g to clinics with this kind of disease. This is not a new disorderRead MorePhysiological Psychology : The Effects Of Heredity On Disordered Eating Behaviors2214 Words   |  9 Pages Physiological Psychology: The Effects of Heredity on Disordered Eating Behaviors Ashley Hannan Liberty University Abstract This paper investigates five scholarly articles which researched and reported upon the correlation of heredity and genetics factors upon disordered eating behaviors in individuals. Some of the articles argue that genetics and physiology play a more important role in the formation of disordered eating behaviors, while others assert that nurture and environment have a largerRead MoreChildhood Factors And Eating Disorders Symptoms Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesTwo studies were done about childhood factors and eating disorders symptoms. In the last two decades the prevalence of anorexia nervosa in South Korea has increased. The rate has increased from 0.03% in 1987 to 0.2 percent in 2007A study found that the Korean women with AN had higher levels of anxiety, perfectionism and an emotional childhood with a lower number of supportive figures compared to the healthy control group. The study supported ideas that personal vulnerability could be an importantRead MoreEating Disorders Among D ifferent Cultures: Annotated Bibliography1769 Words   |  8 Pages1.Simpson, K. (2002). Anorexia nervosa and culture. Journal Of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 9(1), 65-71. This article describes how unrealistic standards of attractiveness set by Western society are internalized by women from a variety of cultural backgrounds and translated into fat-phobia and body dissatisfaction and then discusses alternative cultural influences for food refusal such as issues of control, acculturation, and religious asceticism. The author claims that there is a needRead MoreStudents With Eating Disorders1728 Words   |  7 Pagesis exactly what eating disorders are, for these students and for anyone who has an eating disorder death is one of the most undeniable and likely outcomes. This is not what the â€Å"normal† or â€Å"typical† college student looks like, but eating disorders affect a large population of the higher education population; and overlooking the importance of this sub-culture could and has had an impact on any and every institution across the nation. Student with eating disorders is a sub culture student affairs professionalsRead More The Contribution of Social, Cultural, and Family Environment to the Development of Eating Disorders2053 Words   |  9 Pagescontribute to the development of eating disorders. Eating disorders have been found through centuries of doctors records. Some as far back as the seventeenth century through Morton (1694) descriptions of the symptoms of eating disorders during this period in time. Despite this eating disorders were only formally known as a disorder until 1980 when it was published in the DSM and more recent editions have shown that there are two different forms of eating disorders which are anorexia nervosaRead MoreThe Prevelence of Eating Disorders2839 Words   |  11 Pagestopics that is an ongoing challenge, particularly in young adolescent females, is eating disorders. As with most mental illnesses, eating disorders are not caused by just one factor, but rather by a combination of cognitive, sociocultural, and biological factors. There are many psychological causes and personality traits that may predispose people to developing eating disorders. Most people that suffer from eating disorders can be described as having low self-esteem, feelings of vulnerability, and

The Harsh Reality of Keeping Away From Radioactivity

Radioactivity is a looming threat that many people do not seem to know about. Ever since the Fukushima disaster in Japan, the internet has been swarming with reports about how the radiation can reach the West Coast and harm Californians. This has been confirmed by experts; radioactivity was expected to show up in April and has already been found in kelp along the sea. Radioactivity is a serious threat to humans, and people should be more aware of the risks related to it, especially now, when there are signs of radioactivity in the West Coast. The main argument that people use to keep themselves from accepting the harsh reality of radioactive poisoning is that since there have been no radioactive leaks in the United States recently, we are not at risk. This also is untrue; back in April, there was a radioactive leak in New Mexico. So far, doses of radiation to the surrounding population are low, but even those low levels of radioactivity can have harmful effects on the body in the long term. So what are these harmful effects? To answer this question, we need to understand how radioactive isotopes decay. There are many different elements, and each has its own radioactive isotopes. For example, one of the common plutonium isotopes produced by man is plutonium-239. When this radioactive isotope decays, it produces energy. This energy is radioactivity. When the isotope decays, it produces alpha, beta, and gamma particles. These particles are also a part of a general class ofShow MoreRelatedThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy2181 Words   |  9 Pagesbenefits that underpin human well-being†(Daily xviii). These assets provided by the environment help the world run with ease giving the father and the son and their society the resources they needed until their terrain was contaminated by the radioactivity due to the nuclear explosion. â€Å"The clock stopped at 1:17. A long shear of light and then a series of low concussions†¦ He went into the bathroom and threw the light s witch but the power was already gone. A dull rose glow in the window glass†(McCarthyRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing And Its Effects On The Environment1737 Words   |  7 Pagesit poses on the environment. In short, Hydrofracking is done by injecting water and sand into a Shale formation nearly seven thousand feet underground. After this is completed they pressurise or Frack the well causing the gasses and oil to release from the bedrock. Ultimately, this provides a steady Natural gas and petroleum source for upwards of fifty years. Hydraulic Fracturing has been used for more than sixty years, and has been used to acquire seven billion barrels of Petroleum and six hundredRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesUniversity These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusions but with making choices, assessing reasons, seeking adviceRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslittle significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable

Analysis Of Frantz Fanon s Lived Experience Of A Black...

The oppression of certain groups of people is nothing new. These oppressed groups tend to be looked at as different because of their physical features and/or cultural background. Many efforts to improve the lives of the oppressed have been achieved, but there is still a long way to go. These oppressed groups consist of women and different ethnic groups which have had to deal with being pushed around by the white man throughout history. Frantz Fanon deals with his experience as a black man in the French colony of Martinique. Simone de Beauvoir speaks about her experience as a woman in the French mainland. Both authors assert the idea that the man, in particular the white man, sets himself as the superior being that defines what it is to be human and views women and blacks or minorities as the â€Å"Other†. In the Lived Experience of a Black man chapter, Fanon asserts his anger towards the white man because a black person s skin color is the basis for prejudice and thus they are not the ideal human. He is annoyed that when someone mentions a physician or a teacher and they are black, the white society seems surprised that these black scholars are gentle or intelligent. His anger leads him wanting to be accepted by the white man. He writes, Like all good tacticians I wanted to rationalize the world and show the white man he was mistaken(Fanon 98). He feels the need to show the white man that they are mistaken about believing all the negative thoughts about black people.Show MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMeyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman:

The Importance of Being Prepared Before a Disaster Free Essays

An emergency plan refers to a set plan of action put in place to combat major urgent issues which are always uncertain but very disastrous. Some of the emergencies include flooding, fire-outbreaks, terrorist attacks, and explosions among other hazardous conditions. Emergency planning is very significant as it not only help in providing guidance during an emergency, but it is also an imperative tool for quick formulation and implementation of decisions to prevent or minimize the likelihood of occurrence of such risks in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Being Prepared Before a Disaster or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Impacted Segments with the Plan Metropolis, the largest city in Florida largely suffers the risk of frequent terrorist attacks resulting in merciless loss of innocent lives and destruction of properties. This poses a threat to core city stakeholders such as the government agencies, the metropolis fragments, Florida, population, as well as the business community. Of late, terrorism has become so rampant in the metropolis city as a result of its vast expansion of the recreational centers with an enormous population. Moreover, failure to plan is planning to fail. On this notion, it is evident that developing a smart emergency plan significantly helps in discovering the unrecognized disastrous conditions and taking an alternative measure to eliminate them (Perry, 2003). Indeed, emergency planning involves setting a considerable series of steps and action plans for executions in order to prevent certain risks from occurring. Since emergency planning involves identification of the risk, determining its impacts on the lives of the people, and selecting the most appropriate action to be undertaken to deal with the urgent situation at hand, this approach is appropriate to help deal with the threats that engulf the region. Terrorism has affected a section of the metropolis city drastically. It has resulted in massive loss of lives, an act which has significantly reduced the population of the Florida state. The business communities have also recorded drastic financial losses and massive destruction of properties. This has resulted in a decline in the economic growth of the Florida state due to a fall in revenues from Tourism and hospitality sector, transport, and international trade. The terrorism aftermath has also caused emotional distortions in the minds of the affected victims. The attacks have also raised fears in the state, making Florida’s government stability weak, thus affecting the government agencies negatively. Emergency planning is an integral process that involves four major steps. The steps include Establishment of a planning team, analyzing the capabilities and the possible Hazards, Thirdly, developing the plan and finally, Implementation of the developed plan (Schafer, 2008). Establishing a planning team refers to a forming a group of individuals who are in charge of formulating the emergency plans to be executed. It involves the establishment of authorities, defining the purpose of the plan and determining the budget. Why Focus on the Area It is important to note that analyzing of hazards and capabilities through the gathering of the information about the capabilities and current emergencies are essential in determining the vulnerability test which is vital in determining the capability of handling such emergency issues affecting Florida Metropolis (Schafer, 2008). The comprehensive plan outlining the operational approaches to the hazardous situations would help in dealing with the threats of terrorism and other natural hazards. Finally, implementing the set plan of action and bringing it into use during an emergency involves acting on the recommendations from the vulnerability analysis and deployment of resources. The need for an effective emergency planning is therefore necessary so as to help in devising proper mechanisms of making rapid decisions with the available resources to counter the risk of terrorism (Han, 2006). An effective Emergency planning involves five major phases which include Prevention, Preparedness, Response, Recovery and Mitigation Measures. Prevention measures aim at preventing speculated hazards. They are designed to provide utmost protection against the associated risks on a permanent basis. It involves the use of proper environmental planning techniques and proper design standards to reduce the risk of losing lives and injuries. Secondly, being prepared is a recurring cyclic process that entails planning, organizing plans and resources, training the evacuators, evaluating and taking an action plan. Moreover, training and exercising of plans focus majorly on being ready to respond to all emergencies. On the other hand, Response is the management and coordination of resources. This is the reaction phase of an emergency. Recovery phase consists of the events that continuously go beyond the emergency period. It aims at restoring normalcy after the life intimidations in some affected areas. The final phase is mitigation which aims at minimizing the loss of lives and destruction of property by limiting the effects of such emergencies. Below is a five-phase emergency planning model. An Overview Action plans that can be taken to deal with terrorism include tightening security forces with tough rules to protect the border. This will help in regulating unauthorized foreigner’s entry into the country. All immigrants are to have the valid documents which permit them to stay within the state. Increasing Air transport security measures is a key strategy towards curbing the terrorist problem. It involves random checking of luggage, personal frisking with the help of scanners and regular monitoring of persons entering and leaving the airport grounds. The use of air tickets, digital observation cameras, and other modern equipment are so essential in minimizing the risk of occurrence of such emergencies in the airport. The implementation of Visa policies and imposing restrictions on the application is another best action that can be used to minimize the probability of risk occurrence. Such regulations include raising the visa costs and increasing the timeline for the waiting period. However, The United Nation Office of Counter-Terrorism on 8, September 2006 adopted common strategic approaches to combat terrorism (Foot, 2007). Subject to terrorism, the considerable counter-terrorism strategy steps involved in emergency planning include designing of an action plan focusing on limiting the human hazards, assessing the conducive conditions leading to the spread of terrorism, adopting the appropriate measures to prevent and combat rampant terrorist attacks. It also involves building the state’s capacity to prevent and combat terrorism. Finally, it reveals the measures aimed at ensuring respect and dignity to all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism. To conclude, terrorist attacks in the metropolis can be best minimized using an emergency planning approach. Emergency planning is a four-step process which is aimed at preventing the future occurrence of emergencies. The steps involve the formation of a planning team, analyzing the capabilities and hazards, developing and implementing the set plan. However, minimizing the attacks which result in loss of lives and property destructions requires execution of other action plans which includes tightening security forces in the state, ports and the borders. Monitoring of entry and exit of individuals is also an important action. How to cite The Importance of Being Prepared Before a Disaster, Papers

Rural Development Plan In the Shire Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Rural Development Plan In the Shire. Answer: Introduction The Colac Otway Shire include Great Ocean Road and coast that has been declared Great Otway national park. The Shire has recognized importance of preserving high agricultural quality land, developing sustainable forestry and various agricultural diversity (Myconos and McKenna 2017). The industrial growth u the land is important for the development of individuals living nearby the coast. Therefore, a planning scheme has been repapered for maintaining the development of the Shire, The review of rural land within municipality has been described in report. This report deals with the rural development plan in the Shire. The Rural Conservation Zone in the city has been properly discussed in the report. This report focuses on the Overlays, Local and State planning policies. The methodologies for developing the plan has been explained in the report. This report outlines basic uses of the rural development plan under the municipality. The use of Municipal Strategic Statements has been explained in the report. This report discusses about outcomes of review of land and planning scheme of new rural zones. Agricultural Industries in the Colac Otway Shire Flentje et al. (2016) commented that agriculture industry is one of the most significant industry in Colac Otway Shire region. The contribution of agricultural industry has helped a lot in the development of the region. The total revenue generated from the agricultural sector has been estimated $250 million. However, industry has contributed $82 million from the gross value. The gross value of the development of the region. The use of the rural development plan has helped in maintaining the development of the Shire. However, as detailed analysis can be done on the agricultural industry of the state. However, farm amalgamation has hexed in maintaining number of farms in municipality for the development of the economic condition of the Shire, the use of proper management of the agricultural dimensions of the agricultural method have helped in providing a proper approach toward the development the Shire. As mentioned by Johnson and Karunanethy (2015), over 60 % farms in the Shire have nonuse in the business perspective. Therefore, this land can be used for the development of the rural areas in the municipality. The rural development of the Colac Otway economy and off-farm business. This has led to an increase in the demand for healthy and prosperous lifestyle properties. However, an emphasis on dwellings for lifestyle in farm purposes have to compromise in long-term viability of farming in the Colac Otway Shire. Minimum Lot Sizes As mentioned by Hepworth (2017), the current minimum lot sizes have been reviewed in order to calculate appropriate reflected in current circumstances. However, this review commented that present minimum lot sizes have provision for applying in Schedule to farming Zone needs to be retained. Therefore, a review of around 8 hectares land in context of the agricultural capability and dwelling development of the proximity in townships. Leonard et al. (2016) commented that the rural land plan has been beneficial for the development of the Shire. Different aspects of the Rural Living Zone in appropriate locations in the Shore has developed under the considerations of the government. Forestry plantations The forestry industry in Colac Otway Shure has depicted that the timber production can be contributor towards finance of Colac Otway Shire. Therefore, proclamation of Great Otway national park has been maintained under the consideration of production of timber wood and local processor employment. Cotter (2017) mentioned that the growth in the timber wood plantation in the forest has developed the ecosystem of the Shire. The decline in the indicators of land use has resulted in declination in the development. Expansion of the plantation of timber wood have increased the value of the land use in the Shire, therefore, the tourism sector has increased in the region. The use of the farming tools in the agricultural sector has helped in maintaining the development of the rural plan. However, timber plantation has various lease agreements with the stakeholders that depend upon the value of the land use. As the value of the land, use has been increased due to the production of timber wood. Environment Assets and Threats Various threats and risks have been identified in the development of the rural plan in the Shire. The use of the native vegetation of the private and has seen several scattered and remnants that are vulnerable to declination. As argued by Myconos and McKenna (2017), salinity is a threat that has been prevailing in Northern half of Shire creating water problems in the infrastructure. The draft Corangamite Salinity Action Plan (2003-2008) identifies that risk and threats are related to the biodiversity of the plains. The key management actions addressing salinity that is relevant to Colac Otway Shire focuses on effects of salinity on infrastructure and urban environment and includes: Development of strategies with the help of local government for guiding placement and urban subdivision; However, landslides are hazardous risks that have helped in maintaining the southern end of Shire associated with the steep slopes in the Shire due to heavy rainfall. As argued by Hepworth (2017), flooding is a threat that is prevailing in the northern part of the Otway ranges due to the poor land clearance and drainage system. Therefore, there is the requirement for planning scheme that helps in ensuring future of the Shire for land use in the agricultural industry. The awareness among the individuals might help in maintaining the development of the region by planting trees and plants. The risks and threats prevailing in the Shire have developed an opportunity for the making decisions in order to mitigate those risks and threats. The use of the proper planning and designing might help in mitigating the threats and risks involved in the development of the region. Environmental factors have deviated the development on the rural development plan including the earthquake, volcano and he avy rainfall. These calamities have restricted the development of rural development plan. Planning Policy As commented by Cotter (2017), the key objective of the study has focused on the strengths for promoting the development of the environmental factors. The key sustainable development of the ecosystem in the Shire is depended on the afforestation in the region. The awareness among the individuals might help in maintaining the development of the region by planting trees and plants. As suggested by Neale (2015), the tourism industry has helped in encouraging diversification of economy and ensures environmental features to be accessed in the arena. Otway Plains and Ranges Various environmental factors have been prevailing that are providing sustainability to the National and Regional development plans. As mentioned by Rydon (2017), the cultural diversity in the plains has helped in maintaining among the divarication in the land. Several groups of people are living in various places of the Shire creating a huge cultural diversification. The farming zone of majority of people in the rural areas have dwellings based in the minimum area for a farming system. Economic value of industries in the Colac Otway Shire The industries in Shire have been agriculture, food processing, forestry and tourism. However, agriculture has contributed the maximum in the market share for the Shire. Industry Direct contribution to the Colac Otway Shire economy ($millions) Direct contribution to the Colac Otway Shire Economy (%) Total manufacturing Food processing Timber processing 314 179 74 23% 13% 5% Retail 268 19% Agriculture and Forestry Dairy Forestry 250 130 82 18% 9% 6% Professional Services 172 12% Tourism 159 12% Trades and Services 137 10% Health and community service 87 6% Total 1387 100% Table 1: Estimated contribution made by major industries to the Colac Otway Shire economy in 2001/2002 (Source: Clarke, Heady and Erwin 2017, pp.39) Trends in the farm Business over time Clarke, Heady and Erwin (2017) commented that there has a drastic change in the trend in the farm business time that indicates changes in the hectares of crop number of farms and number of an agricultural commodity. Andersson et al. (2017) suggested that number of dairy cows have increased but number of dairy farms have decreased by 44%. Wool and vegetable production have been decreased in various aspects of the market. Commodity Production and number of farms 1983 2001 Change Dairy cows farms 94,264 681 99,062 381 5% -44% Beef cows farms 47,758 706 56,918 436 19% -38% Vegetables Hectares Tonnes farms 573 12,732 68 259 6656 15 -55% -52% -79% Sheep Tonnes of wool sheepshorn farms 1,235 365,171 273 852 218,699 136 -31% -40% -50% Nurseries/Cut flowers Hectares farms 0 0 13 9 Grain Hectares Tones farms 3504 2523 114 4149 14992 75 18% 500% -34% Total Farm Number 1842 1053 -43% Table 2: Area, production (tonnes or number of animals) and number of farms for each agricultural industry in 1983 and 2001 (Source: Young 2017, pp.76) Planning Scheme Implication As commented by Young (2017), implementation of trends involve a continuous decrease in population of rural areas in Shire. Therefore, there is an increase in vacant farm dwellings. Government helps in implementing policies and laws related to the development of the Shire. Therefore, it provides clear indications to develop the rural development plan in the Shire. As stated by Meyer (2018), the trends suggest that the government have to initiate changes in the subdivision of the rural land. A significant database has been created for storing, data, and information related to the rural development plan. The sales of the products of the farms have been stored in the database. Industry Part Time properties ($100k) Small Properties ($100k 200k) Medium Properties ($200 - $500k) Large Properties ($500k - $1 mill) Dynamic Properties ($1 mill) Total Properties Dairy Beef Mixed Livestock Vegetables Mixed Cropping Pigs Sheep Poultry Plant Nurseries Grain Horses Cut flowers Deer Grapes Total % of Total 53 178 34 2 2 0 15 0 4 0 4 4 2 1 299 42 124 13 6 2 2 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 152 22 170 7 9 8 6 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 205 29 3d6 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 43 6 3 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 386 198 51 15 12 3 21 1 7 3 4 4 2 1 705 100 Table 3: Estimated Value of Agricultural Operations by Agricultural Industry (Source: Heffield 2015, pp.129) State Planning Policy Framework As commented by Heffield (2015), this framework has been prepared by the Council, DSE in order to maintain a keen look at the development of the rural development in the Caloc Otway Shiri. The development in the rural areas for protecting agriculture by avoiding from risks and threats discussed earlier. The use of the proper planning and designing might help in mitigating the threats and risks involved in the development of the region. The key sustainable development of the ecosystem in the Shire is depended on the afforestation in the region. Minimizing the servicing costs by the local State government might help in the growth of the rural development plan. As mentioned by Authority (2015), the SPFF has focused on the development of the housing colony for individuals in the state. Municipal Strategic Statement (MSS) The recent MSS includes strategic directions that have been relevant to the clause 21.04-2 (Nature of land) and clause 21.04-5 (Primary Industry). The Shire accepts the importance of the agriculture and forestry for providing the maximum revenue generation to the state. As mentioned by HALL (2014), the use of timber wood has helped in encouraging agricultural diversity and ensure sustainable development of the rural areas. The use of the proper planning and designing might help in mitigating the threats and risks involved in the development of the region. Environmental factors have deviated the development on the rural development plan including the earthquake, volcano and heavy rainfall. The Shire has focused on the development of the agriculture sector in the stare that helps in growth of rural people and municipality of the site. However, growth of rural areas is directly dependent on the growth of the agricultural sector and minimized threats and risks. As mentioned by Meyer (201 4), there are various directions for the study on updated material in the rural areas including agricultural industries, agricultural capabilities, forestry plantations, environmental considerations and rural living opportunities. Conclusion It can be concluded that the rural development plan of the Caloc Otway Shiri has helped in developing the rural area in that region. The agriculture industry has been the most prominent industry in that region. This industry has contributed the most to the revenue of this state. Other industries include forestry, food and tourism. The risks and threats prevailing in the Shire have developed an opportunity for the making decisions in order to mitigate those risks and threats. These industries have helped in the development of the rural areas in the Shire. However, some threats and risks in the Shire that have restricted development plan. The key sustainable development of the ecosystem in the Shire is depended on the afforestation in the region. The awareness among the individuals might help in maintaining the development of the region by planting trees and plants. There have been various changes in the trends of the development plan for creating opportunities in the growth of the rur al areas. These threats and risks include landslides, flooding cultural diversity. Rural areas have been suffering from the natural calamities including heavy rain and volcanos. Therefore, the rural development has been restricted to these threats and risks. Therefore, the government have created various strategies for the development of the rural areas. References Andersson, T.D., Getz, D., Gration, D. and Raciti, M.M., 2017. Event portfolios: asset value, risk and returns.International Journal of Event and Festival Management,8(3), pp.226-243. Authority, V.F., 2015. Corangamite Fishery Management Plan Nov 2008. Clarke, J., Heady, C. and Erwin, T., 2017. Temperature and rainfall extremes data for CoastAdapt-Methods. Cotter, K., 2017. Community-Driven Change. InUrban Planning for Disaster Recovery(pp. 209-229). Cotter, K., 2017. Community-Driven Change. InUrban Planning for Disaster Recovery(pp. 209-229). Flentje, P., Miner, T., Stirling, D., Palamakumbure, D. and Windle, D., 2016. Landslide inventory and susceptibility zoning across SE Australia.Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications,27(1), pp.119-133. Graymore, M.L., 2014. Sustainability reporting: An approach to get the right mix of theory and practicality for local actors.Sustainability,6(6), pp.3145-3170. HALL, C.C.C., 2014. Council Meeting Agenda.Agenda. Heffield, J., 2015. Park leaders unite.Australasian Leisure Management, (111), p.62. Hepworth, K., 2017. Governing Identities: Neoliberalism and Communication Design in 1990s Victoria, Australia.Design and Culture,9(1), pp.29-54. Hepworth, K., 2017. Governing Identities: Neoliberalism and Communication Design in 1990s Victoria, Australia.Design and Culture,9(1), pp.29-54. Johnson, K. and Karunanethy, S., 2015. Land price, commodity price and the squeeze on agribusiness.Planning News,41(6), p.30. Leonard, J., Opie, K., Blanhci, R., Newnham, G. and Holland, M., 2016. Wye River/Separation Creek Post-bushfire building survey findings. Meyer, C., 2018. Climate Change Impacts and Risk Management: Improving farm resilience through adaptation in the crop-livestock zone of the Corangamite catchment in Victoria (Australia) with a Case Study of the Mount Hesse farm. Meyer, G., 2014. Giddy-up Mayor: Lyons holds the reins.Planning News,40(7), p.5. Myconos, G. and McKenna, A., 2017. Community attitudes to education in the Colac Otway Shire. Myconos, G. and McKenna, A., 2017. Community attitudes to education in the Colac Otway Shire. Neale, T., 2015. Scientific knowledge and scientific uncertainty in bushfire and flood risk mitigation: literature review. Rydon, J., 2017.A biographical register of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1901-1972. Canberra: Australian National University Press. Young, E.I., 2017.Exploring sense of community in community theatres(Doctoral dissertation, Western Illinois University).